What was a common outcome of the major explorations during the periods covered in these eras?

The development of extensive trade networks was indeed a significant outcome of the major explorations during the eras of exploration, particularly from the late 15th century onward. Explorers ventured into uncharted territories, establishing new maritime routes that connected different parts of the world, such as Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. This led to the exchange of goods like spices, textiles, precious metals, and other resources, fostering economic ties and encouraging commerce on a global scale.

As trade networks expanded, so did the movement of people, ideas, and cultures, which enriched societies and contributed to the growth of cities and economies. This interconnectedness set the stage for the eventual establishment of colonial empires and significantly altered the socio-economic landscapes of regions involved in these exchanges.

The other possible outcomes listed do not align with the historical impacts of the exploration periods. For instance, cultural exchanges increased as a result of these explorations, not decreased. Similarly, population dynamics in Europe typically saw growth during this time due to wealth accumulation and the influx of resources rather than decreases. Lastly, the era of exploration was characterized by increased connections between civilizations, contrary to the notion of increased isolation.